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Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Efficacy (DRAFT)

Work in progress. Notes.

Efficacy and immunogenicity data

Efficacy and immunogenecity data digitized at famulare/typhoid-immune-dynamics/data/typhoid_vaccine_efficacy.xlsx.

Efficacy Papers included so far:

  • Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial. Qadri F, Khanam F, Liu X, Theiss-Nyland K, Biswas PK, Bhuiyan AI, et al. Lancet. 2021 Aug 21;398(10301):675–684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01124-7. PMCID: PMC8387974. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8387974/

  • 5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial. Qadri F, Khanam F, Zhang Y, Biswas PK, Voysey M, Mujadidi YF, et al. Lancet. 2024 Oct 12;404(10461):1419–1429. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01494-6. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01494-6/fulltext

  • Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial. Jin C, Gibani MM, Moore M, Juel HB, Jones E, Meiring J, et al. Lancet. 2017 Dec 2;390(10111):2472–2480. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32149-9. PMCID: PMC5720597. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5720597/

  • Efficacy of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Nepal: An Interim Analysis of a Participant-and Observer-Blinded Randomized Phase III Trial. Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Pant D, Smith N, et al. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2209–2218. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1905047. PMCID: PMC6785806. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6785806/

  • Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Shakya M, Voysey M, Theiss-Nyland K, Colin-Jones R, Pant D, Adhikari A, et al. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Nov;9(11):e1561–e1568. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00346-6. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00346-6/fulltext

  • Safety and Efficacy of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Malawian Children. Patel PDP, Patel P, Liang Y, Meiring JE, Misiri T, Mwakiseghile F, et al. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 16;385(12):1104–1115. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2035916. PMCID: PMC8202713. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8202713/

  • Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children. Patel PDP, Liang Y, Meiring JE, Chasweka N, Patel P, Misiri T, et al. Lancet. 2024 Feb 03;403(10425):459–468. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02031-7.

Immunogenicity papers included so far

  • Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial. Qadri F, Khanam F, Liu X, Theiss-Nyland K, Biswas PK, Bhuiyan AI, et al. Lancet. 2021 Aug 21;398(10301):675–684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01124-7. PMCID: PMC8387974. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8387974/

  • 5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial. Qadri F, Khanam F, Zhang Y, Biswas PK, Voysey M, Mujadidi YF, et al. Lancet. 2024 Oct 12;404(10461):1419–1429. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01494-6. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01494-6/fulltext

  • Nampota‐Nkomba N, Nyirenda OM, Khonde L, Mapemba V, Mbewe M, Ndaferankhande JM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months to 12 years in Malawi: a nested substudy of a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(9):e1326–e1335. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00275-3. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(22)00275-3/fulltext

  • Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial. Jin C, Gibani MM, Moore M, Juel HB, Jones E, Meiring J, et al. Lancet. 2017 Dec 2;390(10111):2472–2480. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32149-9. PMCID: PMC5720597. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5720597/

  • Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Shakya M, Voysey M, Theiss-Nyland K, Colin-Jones R, Pant D, Adhikari A, et al. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Nov;9(11):e1561–e1568. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00346-6. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00346-6/fulltext

Articles to be added

These either use different ELISA assays than the more modern papers and so need to be normalized, or are about vaccines not currently in common usage in LMICs.

  • Khan MI, Soofi SB, Ochiai RL, Habib MA, Sahito SM, Nizami SQ, et al. Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: A cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan. Vaccine. 2012;30(36):5389–5395. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.015. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264410X12008560

  • Sur D, Ochiai RL, Bhattacharya SK, Ganguly NK, Ali M, Manna B, et al. A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 23;361(4):335–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807521. PMID: 19625715 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625715/

  • Mitra M, Shah N, Ghosh A, Chatterjee S, Kaur I, Bhattacharya N, et al. Efficacy and safety of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated typhoid vaccine (PedaTyph™) in Indian children: School based cluster randomized study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016 Feb 22;12(4):939–45. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1117715. PMCID: PMC4962969 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4962969/

  • Parry CM, Thieu NT, Farrar JJ, et al. Azithromycin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in Vietnamese children. N Engl J Med. 2001 Apr 26;344(17):1275–79. doi:10.1056/NEJM200104263441701 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200104263441701?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

  • Kossaczka Z, Lin FYC, Ho VA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Vi conjugate vaccines for typhoid fever in adults, teenagers, and 2- to 4-year-old children in Vietnam. Infect Immun. 1999 Nov;67(11):5806–10. doi:10.1128/iai.67.11.5806-5810.1999. PMCID: PMC96958; PMID: 10531232 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC96958/

  • Kraay ANM, Yousafzai MT, Qureshi S, Gauld J, Qamar FN. Modeling the drivers of differential Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) impact in Pakistan: force of infection and age-specific duration of protection [preprint]. medRxiv. 2024 Aug 30:2024.08.30.24312839. doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.24312839 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.24312839v1.full

  • Lee EY, Park JY, Kim DR, Song M, Sahastrabuddhe S, Kim H, Chon Y, Yang JS. Comparison of anti-Vi IgG responses between two clinical studies of typhoid Vi conjugate vaccines (Vi-DT vs Vi-TT). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Mar 23;14(3):e0008171. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008171. PMID: 32203521; PMCID: PMC7156108. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7156108/

  • Syed KA, Saluja T, Cho H, Hsiao A, Shaikh H, Wartel TA, Mogasale V, Lynch J, Kim JH, Excler JL, Sahastrabuddhe S. Review on the recent advances on typhoid vaccine development and challenges ahead. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 29;71(Suppl 2):S141–S150. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa504. PMID: 32725225; PMCID: PMC7388714. Note: thorough review with many references to consider.

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